Percy Williams Bridgman

 Percy Williams Bridgman


The experimental physicist Percy Williams Bridgman (1882-1961) was a pioneer in exploring the ramifications of tremendous pressures on the behaviour of matter--solid, liquid, and gas.


At high school in Newton, Mass., he had been led into the discipline of science from the sway of one of the instructors.


Bridgman obtained his doctorate from Harvard University in 1908 and stayed there as a research fellow in mathematics. He married Olive Ware at 1912, with whom he had a daughter and a son. By 1919 he climbed to a complete professorship, and seven decades after the college appointed him Hollis professor of mathematics and natural philosophy.


In 1946 Bridgman obtained the Nobel Prize in mathematics. He continued to operate at Harvard a long time after his official retirementuntil he died on Aug. 20, 1961.


Bridgman's important work dealt with the construction of devices for the analysis of the effects of high pressures, devices that wouldn't burst under stresses never attained before. Quite by accident he found a packed plug became tighter as more pressure has been applied. This proved a secret to his additional experimentation. Employing the steel metal Carboloy and new procedures of building and immersing the boat itself at a fluid kept at an average of roughly 450,000 pounds per square inch (psi), which Bridgman afterwards increased to greater than 1,500,000 psi, he attained, within the boat, 6,000,000 psi from 1950. To quantify such hitherto unattainable pressures, Bridgman devised new measuring techniques.


The most striking effect of the enormous pressures was that the shift at the melting point of several materials. Bridgman also discovered distinct crystalline forms of thing that are stable under very higher pressure but shaky under reduced pressure. Ordinary ice, as an instance, becomes unstable at pressures over about 29,000 psi and can be substituted by steady types. One of those forms is stable below a strain of 290,000 psi at a temperature as large as 180°F. This"hot ice" is much more dense than normal sinks and ice entirely in water.


In 1955 the General Electric Company announced the creation of artificial diamonds, that their scientists, focusing on approaches and data derived from Bridgman's function, had generated from carbon exposed to extremely substantial temperatures and pressures.


Additional Reading Percy Williams Bridgman

1955) is a selection of Bridgman's nontechnical writings on mathematics. A comprehensive biography of Bridgman is at National Academy of Sciences, Biographical Memoirs, vol. Niels H. de V. Heathcote, Nobel Prize Winners in Physics: 1901-1950 (1954), comprises a chapter on Bridgman. 8 (1962), also at National Academy of Sciences, Biographical Memoirs, vol.

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